ACUPUNCTURE COMBINED WITH LANGUAGE TRANING FOR TREATMENT OF MOTOR APHASIA CAUSED BY ISCHEMIC APPLEXY

With aging of people in the society and the tendency of the onset of erebrovascular disease(CVD)becoming earlier in age，the incidence of CVDis increasing year after year．In addition to sensory and motor dysfunction of extremities，speech disorder is one of the complications of CVDfrequently encountered．Domestic evidence has shown that 25 of the patients suffering fromCVDare complicated with speech disorder，including aphasia，dysarthria，apraxia of speech，among which motor aphasia is mostly encounteredone．Since it directly affects their communication with other people，which brings severe suffering and influences their life quality，it is of great significance to treataphasia withefficiency．The authors have treated motor aphasia induced by cerebral infarction by using acupuncture combined with language training and achieved good therapeutic effects．The seq ue1ae of apoplexy，suchasdrooping ofthe angle of the mouth，numbness andstiffnessof the tongue body，and ambiguous speaking are mostly related to the Heart，Liver，Spleenand Kidney Meridians．The heart stores mind，and it is in charge of blood and vessels，and it has its specific body openmg in the tongue．I．arge llaterals of the Heart Meridian ascend and connect with the tongue body'tor which the tongue is the key positi0n where circulation of qi and blood is regulated．The liver stores blood，and It is in charge of dominating tendons．Along the posterior part of the throat，the Liver Meridian converges with the Governor Meridian in the ertex．Insufficient storage of blood in the Liver will result In improper nourishment of tendons，leading to malfunction of the tongue．The spleen has its specific body openmg in the m0uth，and the Spleen Meridian connocts with the root of the tongue，and it is distributed sublingual 1v．As the external appearance of the spleen，the tongue body is closely related to transporting and trans-forming function of the spleen．The kidney stores essence and is in charge of water metabolism．Along thethroat，the Kidney Meridian reaches the root of the tongue．Insufficient kidney-yin will result in rigidity of the tongue and difficulty in its stretching out due to insufficient nourishment of the tongue root．Acupuncture at the tongue body not only can stimulate the meridians connecting with the tongue to dredge meridians，regulate qi and blood，and induce resuscitation，but also is beneficial to nourish the tongue body to strengthen functional activities of the tongue．The tongue body is innervated by nerve endings of the hypoglossal nerve，and stimulating peripheral nerves can also boost up the excitability of the central nervous systemand promote nervous reflex to make equilibrium(balance)between the specific conduction system and nonspecific conduction systemby way of regulating the circuit of cerebralcortex-thalamus ‘cerebral cortex．so as to reestablish the nervous circular loop for speech activities and accelerate functional rehabilitation．Clinical investigation has shown that stimulating the tongue body can remarkably increase blood perfusion in the brain tissue in the affected focus，minify the size of affected area，activate functional activities of neurons to improve linguistic function．Studies have shown that acupuncture directly applied at the tongue body can improve the inhibitory state of speech function of the cerebral cortex to link up circuits and reestablish conditioned reflex，adj ust degenerative cells in the linguistic center and promote functional making up and compensation in the unaffected areas，so as to improve speechfunction to obtain the effect on numbness and rigidity of the tongue and speech disorder．Alarge number of clinical observations have shown that language rehabilitation training is obviously effecrive on motor aphasia caused by cerebral infarction，and the earlier the treatment is given，the better the efficacy will be．Recent studies have emonstrated that the feature and type of sensory stimulation are related to growth of neurons and their functional development．Therefore，following stabilization of pathogenic tuation，early hearing and speaking training can accelerate compensative function to facilitate restoration of inj ured higher central functions due to brain lesion．At the same time，movement training of the muscles responsible to pronunciation can prevent muscular atrophy of the tongue，throat and laryngeal，and it is also beneficial to speaking rehabilitation in the patients with some muscular atrophy．Because oflack of normal dynamic muscular feedback monitoring in patients with motor aphasia，causing failure of voluntary dominating movement of the lips and tongue to make a sound，visual and hearing feedback produced by watching mouthshape and listening to fl sound can be compensative for re—learning control of muscular movement for making correct sound．In a word，language rehabilitation training can obviously promote restoration of speech function in patients with motor aphasia due to cerebral infarction．Event related potentials(ERPs)is an electrical physiological index for obj eetively reflecting high—grade mental activities，and its components，such as N2 and P3，are closely related to recognition and processing of certain stimulation message in the brain．As an important index for assisted diagnosis and for evaluating therapeutic effects and prognosis of functional recognition lesions in mental and neuropathic diseases，Pso0 has provided an obj ective，non—invasive，quantitative and valuable electrophysiological measure，which has become a reliable supplement to the past behavioral indices mostly depending on described phenomena ．In the present study，P300 was detected before and after treatment，and the results showed that,the lateneies of N2 and P3 waves in P300 were significantly shortened and the amplitude of P3 was significantly elevated in the treatment group

The Influences of The Art of War On Modern Society

This work, now over 2,000 years old, has been translated into more than 32 languages and studied by politicians, economists, businessmen. Because the wisdom of this book is a profound human knowledge. It does not belong to any group, Chinese or Western.
During the 19th and 20th centuries, The Art of War grew in popularity and saw practical use in Western society. It likely influenced Napoleon, and General Douglas MacArthur has claimed to have drawn inspiration from the work.
The book of Sun Zi have been widely known in the United States since the mid-1970s. Diplomat Henry Kissinger has made reference to Sun Zi and the principles of warfare has been the subject of serious study in U.S. military circles for many years. The Art of War was applied to business, sports, diplomacy and personal lives in American . Sun Zi may be the most frequently talked Chinese personality in the world.
Today, Sun Zi's appeal has extended beyond the military realm into the world of business. Because Sun Zi's principles are ideally suited to competitive business situations. Business, like warfare, is based on both morale and machines, and deals with the effective and efficient use of scarce resources, so many business people across the globe have found value in Sun Zi's teachings. Many Japanese companies make the book required reading for their leaders. The book is also popular among Western business management, who have turned to it for inspiration and advice on how to succeed in competitive business situations.
Unfortunately, for the people who would like to gain insight into Sun Zi's strategic philosophy, there is no recourse but to read The Art of War .That is not a simple task. Therefore, to offer a more straightforward bridge between today's world and Sun Zi's ancient wisdom, some western ahthors have written some books to annotate The Art of War.For example,Mark McNeilly has written two books. Sun Zi and the Art of Business is written for businessmen while Sun Zi and the Art of Modern Warfare was created for those who have an interest in how Sun Zi's ideas have been applied in military history and current warfare.

Sun Zi—The Author of The Art of War

Sun Zi ,or alias Sun Wu, an ancient Chinese military general and strategist, was born in the state of Qi and lived around the late Spring and Autumn period. Many great Chinese philosophers lived during this time including Kong Zi, Lao Zi, and Mo Zi. He once defeated a Chu army of 200 thousand with only 30 thousand soldiers, thus known as the grandfather of military in pre-Qin period.
Sun Zi has had a great impact on Chinese and Asian culture,but historians have questioned whether or not he was an authentic historical figure. In addition,traditional accounts state that his descendant, Sun Bin, also wrote a book on military tactics. Both Sun Wu and Sun Bin were referred to as Sun Zi in classical Chinese writings, and some historians thought that Sun Wǔ was in fact Sun Bin until Sun Bin's own book was discovered in 1972.

What is The Art of War

The Art of War is the earliest and most valuable Chinese book on military science, dating from the late Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 B.C.). The book is a condensation of the experience of warfare in that historical time, with the emphasis on strategy. By revealing the nature and important rules of warfare, The Art of War has had a tremendous influence on Eastern military thinking, business tactics, and beyond. Sun Zi suggested that position is affected both by objective conditions in the physical environment and the subjective opinions of competitive actors. He thought that strategy was not planning through an established list, but rather that it requires quick responses to changing conditions.
The content of The Art of War is extensive and profound, touching upon a wide range of subjects like war rules, philosophy, strategies, politics, economy, diplomacy, astronomy and geology and so on. The book is composed of 13 chapters, with the first one "laying plans" being the principal line, which illustrates the comparison between all conditions of the two parties in the war before dispatching troops, the evaluation of the chances of success or defeat. The rest chapters mainly deal with war mobilization, how to lay siege to a city with tactics, and how to achieve the success through strategies like separation, aggregation, and outflanking etc. The use of words in the book is brief and concise.
The Art of War holds an important position in China's military history, having a far-reaching impact on the strategists, statesmen and thinkers of all dynasties. The noted strategist Cao Cao of the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the founder of the Kingdom of Wei provided critical and explanatory notes for the book. Before the bamboo scroll version was discovered by archaeologists in April 1972, a commonly cited version of The Art of War was the annotation of book by Cao Cao.In the preface, he wrote that previous annotations were not focused on the essential ideas. There are over 10 people, including Cao Cao ,Du Mu ,Li Quan who annotated The Art of War.
After the movable type printer was invented, The Art of War was published as a military text book, known as Seven Military Classics with six other strategy books.
Quotations
兵不厌诈--All warfare is based on deception.
知彼知己，百战不殆--If you know both yourself and your enemy, you can win a hundred battles without a single loss.

The human brain response to acupuncture on same-meridian acupoints: evidence from an fMRI study.

Stimulation of acupuncture points (acupoints) located on meridians has been proven to activate specific areas of the human brain, as evidenced by functional imaging studies. To date, the specificity of acupoints located on different meridians has been investigated with functional magnetic resonance image (fMRI). The present fMRI study explored the effects of stimulating 4 acupoints on 2 different meridians for the purpose of researching the characteristic response of acupoints on the same meridian. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The acupoints studied were LR3 (Taichong) and LR6 (Zhongdu), which belong to the Liver meridian of Foot-Jueyin; ST36 (Zusanli) and ST43 (Xiangu), which belong to the Stomach meridian of Foot-Yangming; and 2 nearby sham acupoints. Fifty-three (53) healthy right-handed subjects were divided randomly into 6 groups. Each group only received acupuncture at one acupoint. All the acupoints in this study were stimulated only on the right side of the subject's body. Through analysisof fMRI data from all subjects, we obtained the activation patterns in the central nervous system (CNS) evoked by acupuncture. RESULTS: In contrast to the CNS activation by sham acupoint, the results showed that all 4 real acupoints under consideration had the common effect of activating 2 specific areas of the brain: the bilateral primary somatosensory area and the ipsilateral cerebellum. Acupuncture stimulation of both acupoints LR3 and LR6 evoked activation at the ipsilateral superior parietal lobe (BA7). Acupuncture stimulation of both acupoints ST36 and ST43 evoked activation at the ipsilateral middle frontal gyrus (BA10). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that different acupoints on the same meridian may activate certain similar areas of the brain. In addition, acupoints that are commonly used in clinical practice might modulate a greater extent of cortical areas than uncommonly used acupoints.